Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and soil nitrogen balance of maize-wheat rotation system in the Hetao Irrigation Area,China

Excessive fertilization combined with unreasonable irrigation in farmland of the Hetao Irrigation Area (HIR), China, has resulted in a large amount of nitrogen (N) losses and agricultural non-point source pollution. Application of soil amendments has become one of the important strategies for reducing N losses of farmland. However, there is still no systematic study on the effects of various soil amendments on N losses in the HIR. In this study, three types of soil amendments (biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide) were applied in a maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR during 2015-2017. Yields of maize and wheat, soil NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission and NO₃^- leaching were determined and soil N balance was estimated. The results showed that applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly increased yields of maize by 9.2%, 14.3% and 13.3%, respectively, and wheat by 9.2%, 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control (fertilization alone). Applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced soil N leaching by 23.1%, 35.5% and 27.1%, soil NH₃-N volatilization by 34.8%, 52.7% and 37.8%, and soil N surplus by 23.9%, 37.4% and 30.6%, respectively. Applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from soil by 37.3% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with the control. Compared with application of biochar, applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide increased yields of maize and wheat by 5.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that soil amendments (bentonite and polyacrylamide) can play important roles in reducing N losses and increasing yield for the maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR, China.     

农田管理措施对滨海盐渍化土壤碳平衡的影响

为研究不同农田管理措施对滨海盐渍土壤碳平衡的影响,通过玉米-小麦轮作试验,研究农田土壤碳收支情况。试验共设6个处理:(1)常规对照(CK),(2)有机肥常量(OF),(3)氮肥增施(NF),(4)秸秆还田(S),(5)有机肥加秸秆(OF+S),(6)免耕(NT)。结果表明,秸秆还田和施用有机肥提高了土壤呼吸的强度,而NT处理的CO_2平均释放量最低,不同处理下土壤呼吸表现为OF+S处理S处理OM处理NF处理CKNT处理。各处理土壤有机碳量随着作物种植年份的增加而逐渐升高,其中OF与NT处理增加最多,而NF处理并没有显著提高土壤的有机碳量。在两季作物收获后,各处理的碳输入均高于碳输出,表现为碳净输入,呈现较强的碳汇特征。S处理和OF处理的碳净输入均显著高于CK,可有效减缓土壤CO_2排放,增加其有机碳的输入。     

季节性冻融区地下水位预测方法研究

为预测河套灌区冻融区全年地下水位变化过程,采用统计学方法,研究了冻融期地下水位与地表气温间的关系,建立了二者间的线性模型,结合非冻融期水量均衡模型,建立了改进型水量均衡模型,通过优化求解方法确定模型参数。结果表明,模型计算埋深与实测埋深拟合效果较好,提出的改进型水量均衡模型可较好地预测冻融区全年地下水位变化过程,解决了冻融期间地下水模拟难题,方法简单精确,具有很好的实用性。     

Can hydrochar and pyrochar affect nitrogen uptake and biomass allocation in poplars?

Positive effects of pyrochar on soil nutrient availability and plant growth are widely reported in literature. However, few studies have reported effects of hydrochars on plant nutrition. A pot trial was conducted over a period of 2 years to investigate the effect of a pyrochar (AGT) and a hydrochar (HTC) on poplar (Populus × generosa , clone AF8) growth, biomass allocation and nitrogen (N) uptake with special emphasis on the quantification (using an isotopic mass balance approach) of char‐derived nitrogen (CDN) absorbed by plants. We found that both pyrochar and hydrochar positively affected above‐ground biomass productivity in the first year, and biomass and nitrogen (N) allocation over the 2 years by reducing the allocation of resources to fine roots. By the end of the experiment, even though the total N uptake was not affected by char, the CDN was more than 24% of the total N absorbed by HTC‐treated plants compared to a negligible amount absorbed by AGT‐treated ones. Finally, char did not affect nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the first year of growth, but by the end of the experiment, NUE was higher in the above‐ground biomass of HTC‐treated than in AGT‐ and control poplars.     

征地区片综合地价平衡研究──以周口市为例

征地区片价是政府征地时的重要依据,区域之间不合理的征地区片价影响着社会的稳定。为了解决征地区片价之间的平衡问题,笔者以周口市为例,通过建立综合计算指标体系,利用Arc GIS对其进行空间插值,发现现存征地区片价中存在的问题,利用最高级别征地区片价和综合质量分之间的相关关系进行重新平衡调整,建立相应的相关性方程,最后得出平衡后的征地区片价。结果表明:征地区片价的确定是多种因素综合的结果,其区域之间的平衡也受距离、经济、周边地价等多方面的影响,其中,距离中心城镇近的地区最容易受到中心城镇的影响,其综合质量分影响较小,其余位于较外围的地区受综合分值影响较大,交通的便利性是平衡征地区片综合地价的一项关键因素。     

磷影响大豆根系分泌有机酸总量和不同根区有机酸量

采用营养液培养的方法,设置由无磷转化为供磷(0-50)和由供磷转换为无磷(50-0)2个处理,分析了磷转换处理对不同根区有机酸的影响.结果表明:大豆生长对磷素的需求非常迫切,50-0处理根系可溶性磷含量相对较高,而0-50处理地上部可溶性磷含量相对较高;50-0处理根系有机酸分泌量较0-50处理大,而且分泌量随着距离根...     

栖霞市苹果园氮磷养分平衡及环境风险评价

栖霞市是中国最主要的苹果产区之一,近年来果园单位面积养分的大量投入造成了区域氮、磷元素的过量富集,进而对当地的土壤、水资源、大气等环境要素造成一定的污染。因此,了解苹果主产区施肥现状,并科学评价其环境风险具有重要的现实意义。以栖霞市为研究区域,通过实地调研、田间试验、室内模拟等方法,分析了苹果园氮磷养分的输入量及输出量,进而构建养分平衡模型,对区域环境风险进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:1)2018年栖霞市苹果园养分投入量为:有机质5360.28 kg/hm^2,N 545 kg/hm^2,P2O5568.76 kg/hm^2,K2O 712.57 kg/hm^2;2)氮素的气态损失、果实及枝条带走量各占输入总量的6.49%、24.34%、3.12%,盈余率达66.04%(402.97 kg/hm^2);磷素被果实和枝条带走量分别占输入总量的12.33%和2.55%,盈余率达85.12%(484.75 kg/hm^2);栖霞市氮、磷盈余量均超出环境安全的阈值,分别属于中风险和高风险范围。因此,在保证果园产量与品质的前提下,适当减少化肥使用量、逐步建立水肥一体化的果园施肥模式、提升果农科学的管理经验,应成为果园可持续发展的主攻方向。     

长期施肥下黄土旱塬黑垆土磷平衡及农学阈值

为研究长期施肥条件下土壤磷平衡和土壤有效磷对磷盈亏的响应,明确土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,依托甘肃平凉肥料长期定位试验(始于1979),分析了黄土旱塬黑垆土36 a土壤磷盈亏动态、累积磷盈亏与有效磷的响应关系以及土壤磷残余,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤有效磷的响应关系,计算黄土旱塬黑垆土小麦和玉米的土壤有效磷农学阈值。结果表明:不施肥(CK)和单施氮肥(N)处理土壤磷始终亏缺,N处理每亏缺磷100 kg·hm~(-2),有效磷含量下降1.05 mg·kg~(-1);施磷处理土壤磷当季盈余4.3～207.9 kg·hm~(-2),累积盈余154.9～7 483.6 kg·hm~(-2),其中有机、无机配施(MNP)处理磷盈余最大;土壤累积磷盈余与土壤有效磷增量呈线性正相关,土壤中每盈余100 kg·hm~(-2)磷,秸秆还田配施化肥(SNP,磷肥隔年施)、氮磷配施(NP)、有机肥(M)和有机、无机配施(MNP)处理土壤有效磷分别增加7.55、2.47、0.28 mg·kg~(-1)和0.46 mg·kg~(-1);黄土旱塬黑垆土农田有效磷的小麦和玉米农学阈值分别为22.05 mg·kg~(-1)和13.96 mg·kg~(-1),MNP处理土壤有效磷含量已高于作物农学阈值,NP和SNP处理土壤有效磷含量达到小麦农学阈值分别需要21 a和24 a,达到玉米农学阈值分别需要2 a和8 a,M处理土壤有效磷含量已高于玉米农学阈值,还需要3 a可达到小麦农学阈值。当磷投入量每年平均达22.9 kg·hm~(-2)时,土壤磷呈持平状态;当磷用量达33 kg·hm~(-2)时,不仅作物产量较高,而且磷肥当季利用率也较高;当磷用量增加到233 kg·hm~(-2)时,作物产量对增加磷投入无响应,土壤磷残余超过90%,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加了土壤磷素的流失风险。黄土旱塬小麦玉米一年一熟轮作黑垆土农田土壤有效磷农学阈值为13.96 mg·kg~(-1)(玉米)和22.05 mg·kg~(-1)(小麦),秸秆还田可促进旱地农田耕层土壤有效磷含量的增加。     

5个竹种林下土壤营养元素含量比较

[目的]比较不同竹种林下土壤的营养元素含量。[方法]在福建农林大学百竹园内选取大明竹、牡竹、角竹、花巨竹和大木竹5个竹种,分别于春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对其林下土壤进行"S"型多点采样,对其氮、磷、钾含量进行测定。[结果]大明竹、牡竹、角竹、花巨竹和大木竹5个竹种林下土壤的营养元素含量皆较高,但各竹种之间的营养元素含量有显著差异,且各竹种在不同季节的营养元素含量也有明显差异。其中大明竹林下土壤的营养元素含量最高,且最为稳定,牡竹相对较差。[结论]在福建地区,大明竹对营养元素的产生及维系稳定具有良好的能力,可成为该地区城市观赏用竹及发展林下经济的优良竹种。     

Assessing the effectiveness of manure export plus intensive silage cropping for lowering the Olsen‐P status of P‐enriched grassland

A substantial proportion of farmed grassland soils in Northern Ireland (NI) are overly enriched with P and pose a risk to water quality. To address this problem, manure could be exported rather than recycled to P‐enriched land and the latter intensively cropped with grass silage to deplete soil P. To assess the efficacy of such a strategy, a P‐ and K‐enriched grassland site was intensively cropped over a 6‐yr period with fertilizer N alone supplied to support silage growth. By year 6, soil P had declined from index 5 to index 3, and it was estimated that two more years of this management may bring it into the target index 2 range. Soil K, however, declined rapidly from index 4 to index 1 in just 4 yr, with the result that grass production became limited by K deficiency. It was concluded that nonrecycling of manure to P‐enriched grassland under silage management is probably the most effective strategy for lowering soil P status, but care must be taken to prevent K deficiency occurring.